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< Back Hydrogen gas Part 1 Physical properties of hydrogen 1. Colorless odorless gas 2. Neutral to litmus 3. Less dense than air (so collected by upward delivery) 4. Insoluble in water (can be collected over water) 5. Highly flammable Reaction of Hydrogen Gas with Air Reacts with air violently (oxygen) when in contact with a flame. So it makes a squeaky pop with a lit splint 2H2(g) + O2 --> 2H2O Isotopes of Hydrogen Isotopes are atoms of the same element which have the same number of protons (atomic number) but different number of neutrons (mass number). Preparation of Hydrogen gas First : in Laboratory 1-Preparing hydrogen from water or steam Addition of Very reactive metals (example potassium , Sodium , Lithium , Calcium) + liquid water gives hydrogen gas and metal hydroxide. or Addition of metals to steam to produce metal oxide and hydrogen gas 2- Preparing Hydrogen from acids Addition of moderately reactive metals like magnesium aluminum zinc or iron to dilute hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid Note that less reactive metals can not be used to prepare the hydrogen with dilute acids generally metals which are less reactive than hydrogen can not be used Second : Industrially 1-Using hydrocarbons example by heating a hydrocarbon like methane with steam using a catalyst like nickel , the product is Carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas The carbon monoxide produced can be reheated with more steam using an iron oxide catalyst to produce Carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas 2-Using coke Coke is a fuel made of coal The coke is reacted with steam at high temperature (around 1000) degrees celsius to produce carbon monoxide gas and hydrogen gas 3-Using Electrolysis Electrolysis is the breakdown of a substance using electric current the water is broken down by electrolysis into hydrogen and oxygen Or the NaCl solution (brine) is broken down into chlorine and Hydrogen gases Previous Next

K-Chemistry.Com Expert Chemistry Tuition and Study Materials SABIS Grade 10 CHEMISTRY 😋 Free Material Chapter 1 Laboratory Skills and Techniques Final Revision , Basic Questions ,Course Questions ,Notes Chapter 2 Revision of the scientific method Final Revision , Basic Questions ,Course Questions, Notes Chapter 3 The Atomic Theory Final Revision Notes , Basic Questions ,Course Questions, Notes Chapter 4 Chemical Reactions Basic Questions Part 1 , Answers Basic Questions Part 2 , Answers Course Questions, Notes Chapter 5 The Gas Phase Notes , Basic Questions ,Course Questions ,Final Revision Chapter 6 The Condensed phase of the matter Notes , Basic Questions ,Course Questions Chapter 7 Structure of the atom and the periodic table Notes , Basic Questions ,Course Questions Chapter 8 Energy effects in the chemical reactions Notes , Basic Questions ,Course Questions Chapter 9 The Rates of chemical reactions Notes , Basic Questions ,Course Questions Answer To Grid Questions Notes School Files 😋 Free Material 😋 Free Material 😋 Free Material 😋 Free Material 😋 Free Material 😋 Free Material Home

Plateau The flat horizontal section on a heating or cooling curve that represents a phase change occurring at a constant temperature.

Melting Point/Freezing Point The specific temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid state (melting) or from a liquid to a solid state (freezing).

Generally, reactions with high activation energy tend to be slow. Grade 10 SABIS

Heat Content (H) Grade 10 SABIS The amount of potential energy stored in 1 mole of any substance. Heat content, also known as enthalpy, is a concept in thermochemistry that relates to the total energy contained within a substance. Think of heat content as the energy stored in your phone's battery. When the battery is fully charged, it contains a certain amount of energy, similar to the heat content of a substance. Imagine you have a cup of hot coffee. The heat content of the coffee represents the total energy stored in the liquid, which determines how hot it is. If you let the coffee sit for a while, it gradually cools down as it loses heat content to the surroundings. Now, consider a chemical reaction like burning a piece of paper. The heat content of the reactants (paper and oxygen) is different from the heat content of the products (ashes and carbon dioxide). The difference in heat content indicates how much energy is released or absorbed during the reaction . In everyday life, you can observe heat content changes when you cook food. As you apply heat to raw ingredients, their heat content increases, causing them to undergo chemical and physical changes. When you bake a cake, the heat content of the batter transforms it into a delicious dessert. Similarly, when you feel cold after getting out of a swimming pool, it's because the water on your body has a higher heat content than the surrounding air. As heat transfers from your body to the air, you feel a chill. The concept of heat content is essential in designing energy-efficient systems. For example, engineers consider the heat content of fuels when developing engines or power plants to maximize energy conversion. In summary, heat content is like the stored energy within a substance or system. It affects everyday situations like cooking, feeling cold after swimming, and energy conversions in engines. Understanding heat content helps us comprehend the energy changes that occur during chemical reactions and other processes in our daily lives.

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< Back Atomic Structure Lesson 2 ⚛️ Lesson 2 ⚛️ This section delves into the mass and charge distributions within the atom, emphasizing the nucleus as the center of mass and the dance of electrostatic attraction that holds the atom together, while also highlighting the distinct movements of electrons, protons, and neutrons in an electric field. Previous Next ⚛️ 1.1.2 Mass, Charge & Subatomic Particles ⚛️ ✨🔬 Unmasking the Atom: Unveiling Mass & Charge Distributions 🔬✨ 1️⃣ The Mighty Nucleus: A Mass Reservoir 🏋️♀️🎯 Like a dense treasure chest in the heart of the atom, the nucleus is where the hefty subatomic heroes reside—the mighty protons and neutrons. They hoard nearly all of the atom's mass, with their combined weight making the nucleus the weightlifting champion of the atomic world. 🏆🌍 2️⃣ Electrons: The Lightweight Performers 💃⚡ Flirting around this massive nucleus, you'll find the feathery electrons. Their mass is so negligible, they're like tiny dancers pirouetting around a grand stage. Despite their lightness, they wear cloaks of negative charge, creating a bustling 'cloud' of negativity around the positive heart of the atom. ⛅💨 3️⃣ The Atom's Secret Glue: Electrostatic Attraction 🔗🧲 And what stops these nimble electrons from flitting away? The invisible ties of electrostatic attraction! The positive nucleus and negative electrons are drawn to each other, a captivating dance of opposite charges that keeps the atom together. 💖 ✨🎢 Subatomic Particles: Performers in an Electric Field 🎢✨ 1️⃣ The Electron's Graceful Waltz 🩰🌀 Imagine our subatomic performers, each moving at the same pace, but through a charged, electric stage. The electron, wearing its negative charge, is deflected away from the negative plate and is lured towards the positive plate with ease. This behavior not only proves its negative charge but also showcases its incredibly small mass as it pirouettes nimbly in the electric field. 🎭💫 2️⃣ The Proton's Powerful Stride 🏃♂️⚡ In contrast, the proton, with its positive charge, displays a different performance. It strides away from the positive plate and towards the negative one, asserting its positive nature. But compared to the electron's swift deflection, the proton's move is less pronounced, hinting at its greater mass. 💪🎖️ 3️⃣ The Neutron's Neutral Stand 🧍♂️🎭 What about the neutron? Well, the neutron, true to its neutral character, remains unaffected by the charged plates. It does not veer towards or shy away from either plate, simply continuing its journey unaffected—an applause-worthy performance proving its neutral nature. 👏🎭 So, there you have it—our subatomic performers illuminating the atom's inner workings through their mesmerizing dance in the atomic world and electric field! 🌠🌌 Quiz: Mass, Charge & Subatomic Particles ✨🔬 Unmasking the Atom: Unveiling Mass & Charge Distributions 🔬✨ Complete the missing words in the following questions: What resides in the nucleus and holds nearly all of the atom's mass? Answer: 🌟 Protons and neutrons Electrons have __________ mass compared to protons and neutrons. Answer: 🌌 Negligible/lightweight What creates an electric field that influences the movement of charged particles? Answer: 🔋 Charged plates Electrons are ____________ to the positive nucleus due to electrostatic attraction. Answer: 💞 Attracted In an electric field, electrons are deflected ____________ from the negative plate and toward the positive plate. Answer: 🌪 Away The proton, with its positive charge, moves ____________ from the positive plate and toward the negative plate in an electric field. Answer: 💥 Away Neutrons remain ____________ by the charged plates in an electric field due to their neutral nature. Answer: 🌟 Unaffected Protons have a ____________ mass compared to electrons. Answer: 💪 Greater The electron's movement in an electric field showcases its ____________ charge and small mass. Answer: 💫 Negative Neutrons demonstrate their ____________ nature by not veering towards or away from the charged plates in an electric field. Answer: 👏 Neutral Keep up the great work in understanding the mesmerizing dance of subatomic particles and their role in the atom's mass and charge distributions! 🎉🌠

Combustion Reaction Grade 10 SABIS SABIS A reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen, usually producing heat and light.

Factors affecting rate of chemical reaction: SABIS Grade 10 SABIS nature of reactants, concentration of reactants (or pressure if a gaseous reactant), surface area of a solid (or particle size), temperature, catalyst.

Given the % abundance of isotopes, find the average atomic mass easy and medium questions Grade 10 SABIS Easy Level Questions: Element X has two isotopes, Isotope A with a mass of 15 and an abundance of 25%, and Isotope B with a mass of 18 and an abundance of 75%. What is the average atomic mass of Element X? Answer: The average atomic mass of Element X can be calculated as (15 * 0.25) + (18 * 0.75) = 16.75. Element Y has three isotopes, Isotope P with a mass of 12 and an abundance of 40%, Isotope Q with a mass of 14 and an abundance of 20%, and Isotope R with a mass of 16 and an abundance of 40%. Calculate the average atomic mass of Element Y. Answer: The average atomic mass of Element Y can be calculated as (12 * 0.40) + (14 * 0.20) + (16 * 0.40) = 13.6. Element Z has two isotopes, Isotope M with a mass of 16 and an abundance of 60%, and Isotope N with a mass of 18 and an abundance of 40%. Determine the average atomic mass of Element Z. Answer: The average atomic mass of Element Z can be calculated as (16 * 0.60) + (18 * 0.40) = 16.4. Medium Difficulty Questions: Element A has three isotopes, Isotope X with a mass of 10 and an abundance of 30%, Isotope Y with a mass of 12 and an abundance of 50%, and Isotope Z with a mass of 14 and an abundance of 20%. Calculate the average atomic mass of Element A. Answer: The average atomic mass of Element A can be calculated as (10 * 0.30) + (12 * 0.50) + (14 * 0.20) = 11.8. Element B has four isotopes, Isotope P with a mass of 16 and an abundance of 25%, Isotope Q with a mass of 18 and an abundance of 35%, Isotope R with a mass of 20 and an abundance of 30%, and Isotope S with a mass of 22 and an abundance of 10%. Find the average atomic mass of Element B. Answer: The average atomic mass of Element B can be calculated as (16 * 0.25) + (18 * 0.35) + (20 * 0.30) + (22 * 0.10) = 18.1. Element C has three isotopes, Isotope M with a mass of 24 and an abundance of 45%, Isotope N with a mass of 26 and an abundance of 25%, and Isotope O with a mass of 28 and an abundance of 30%. Determine the average atomic mass of Element C. Answer: The average atomic mass of Element C can be calculated as (24 * 0.45) + (26 * 0.25) + (28 * 0.30) = 25.5. These answers provide the calculated average atomic masses for the given elements based on the percentage abundances of their isotopes.