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6b4d40ef-0011-442b-b2d6-ae15b26f0831 Sublimation Summary The process of a substance changing directly from a solid to a gaseous state at a specific temperature.

9dbb910c-fe27-44e3-a8df-03272dbdceaa Releasing Summary Giving out, as in a reaction that releases heat is exothermic.

6db8ab25-5121-4066-aa23-2ee26c0e25fa Reading Equations Summary Using masses of reactants and products

c8065ea1-fb58-4333-a02a-8cc7f2756b32 Positron Summary The positron has the same mass as an electron but has a charge of 1+ is a subatomic particle that is similar to an electron in terms of mass but possesses a positive charge. It is often denoted as e+ and is considered the antiparticle of the electron. Despite having the same mass as an electron, the positron has an opposite charge of +1. Both the electron and the positron are classified as leptons, which are fundamental particles with no internal structure. They are part of the family of elementary particles in the Standard Model of particle physics. The mass of an electron and a positron is approximately 9.11 x 10^-31 kilograms. This mass is incredibly small, making electrons and positrons highly lightweight particles. The key difference between an electron and a positron lies in their electric charge. While an electron carries a negative charge of -1, the positron carries an equal but opposite positive charge of +1. The charges of the electron and the positron determine their behavior in electromagnetic interactions. Due to their opposite charges, electrons and positrons are attracted to each other and can undergo annihilation when they collide. When an electron and a positron collide, their charges cancel out, resulting in the production of energy in the form of gamma rays. This process is known as electron-positron annihilation. The existence of positrons was first theorized by Paul Dirac in 1928 and was later confirmed through experimental observations. The discovery of the positron contributed to the development of antimatter physics and had significant implications for our understanding of particle interactions. In practical applications, positrons have various uses, including in medical imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET). In PET scans, positrons emitted by a radioactive substance interact with electrons in the body, leading to the detection of gamma rays and providing information about physiological processes. The study of particles like electrons and positrons is crucial in understanding the fundamental building blocks of matter and the intricate workings of the universe at the subatomic level. Advances in particle physics have led to numerous technological innovations and have broadened our knowledge of the fundamental laws governing the physical world. In summary, a positron shares the same mass as an electron but possesses a positive charge of 1+. Both particles are leptons, with the electron carrying a negative charge of -1. The existence of positrons was theorized and later confirmed through experimental observations. Understanding the properties and behavior of electrons and positrons contributes to our knowledge of particle physics and has practical applications in various fields, such as medical imaging.

321f9bcf-34b5-4b82-803f-7215e00967a2 Halogens: F2 (Z = 9), Cl2 (Z = 17), Br2 (Z = 35) and I2 (Z = 53). Summary

954c117d-e016-46ec-b8f9-8626b8b88743 Rate determining step: is the slowest step in a reaction mechanism. Summary

bb899386-50b1-48d8-905a-2d1400f90b23 Evaporation Summary The process of a substance changing from a liquid to a gaseous state at a specific temperature.

4cf9f06c-ad90-48c9-b5c5-b99c024c680e Subscripts Summary The small numbers written at the lower right of a chemical symbol, indicating the number of atoms of that element in the molecule.

4a86fc54-4e19-4320-82f5-aec48e238da7 Heating Curve Summary A graphical representation of the relationship between temperature and time as a substance is heated.

62b6ffd4-9ca4-4f6f-8e5d-b5f6ab4348a6 Burning magnesium ribbon in air Summary Chemical

52d2697f-b95d-4422-bcad-e60e9398eb1a Activated complex Summary when reactants collide, they will momentarily form a transition state known

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