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Previous All Content Next Chapter 2 Questions and Problems 📝 Lesson 9📝 Chapter 2 Problems and Questions 1️⃣🍀 Easy Questions 🌡 What is the change of a substance from solid to liquid at a definite temperature called? 🌬 Define evaporation in your own words. 🌞 What does the horizontal part of the heating curve represent? ❄️ What does the phase change in the cooling curve signify? 🌡 How does the position of the horizontal part on the heating curve relate to the melting point of the solid? ❄️ What is the physical constant for the temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid at the same temperature and pressure? 🔵 Intermediate Questions 📉 Given a cooling curve of a pure compound, explain the stages in detail. 🎈 Assume the initial volume of a gas is 3L and its pressure is 4 atm. If the pressure is reduced to 2 atm, what will be the new volume, according to Boyle's law? 🎈 What happens to the volume of a gas if the pressure is doubled while the temperature is held constant, according to Boyle's law? ⏳ You have a pure compound, the larger is the amount of solid heated, what happens to the time it needs for the sample to start melting and to melt completely? 📝 Answer : The larger is the amount of solid heated the longer is the time it needs for the sample to start melting and to melt completely. 🌡️ How does the temperature affect the average kinetic energy of the particles during the phase change in the heating curve of a pure compound? 📝 Answer : During the phase change, the temperature remains constant. So, the average kinetic energy of the particles does not change. The added energy is used to change the phase of the substance. 🔴 Difficult Questions 📈 Given a heating curve with the first stage having a slope of 3 and the third stage having a slope of 5, can you justify why the slopes are different? 🎈 If a sample of gas has an initial volume of 100 mL at a pressure of 500 kPa and the pressure is increased to 1000 kPa, what would the final volume of the gas be according to Boyle's law? 🧊 Given a cooling curve of a pure compound, explain the changes in kinetic and potential energy during the phase transitions. 🌡️ How does the phase change represented in the cooling curve differ from the phase change represented in the heating curve? 💠 Advanced Questions 🌡️ Based on a heating curve, describe the kinetic and potential energy changes during each phase transition. 🎈 If the pressure of a gas sample is halved, what will happen to the volume according to Boyle's law? 📈 Draw and explain the stages of a heating curve of a pure compound. 🎈 If a gas has an initial volume of 5L at a pressure of 2 atm and the pressure is increased to 4 atm, what will be the final volume according to Boyle's law? 🌡️ What is the definition of a phase in the context of states of matter? 🏆 Champion-Level Questions 📈 Explain why the heating curve has a flat horizontal part where the solid changes to a liquid and the graph remains horizontal until all the solid melts. 🎈 If a gas initially at 20L and 5 atm is compressed to a volume of 10L, what will the final pressure be according to Boyle's law? 📉 Based on a cooling curve, how does the size of the liquid cooled affect the time it needs to start freezing and to freeze completely? 📈 Given a heating curve, how does the energy added during the phase change from solid to liquid relate to the potential energy of the particles? 🎈 If a sample of gas has a volume of 200 mL at 3 atm, and the pressure is increased to 6 atm, what would be the new volume according to Boyle's law? 🌡️ Describe what happens during the second stage of the heating curve of a pure compound. 🎈 According to Boyle's law, if a gas sample at 300 K with a volume of 2L experiences a pressure increase from 2 atm to 5 atm, what is the new volume? 📈 What determines the melting point of a solid based on the heating curve? 🌡️ Based on a cooling curve, how does the amount of liquid cooled affect the time it takes for the sample to freeze completely? 🎈 According to Boyle's law, if a gas sample at 1 atm and 5L is compressed to a volume of 2L, what will be the new pressure? 🌡️ In a cooling curve of a pure compound, which phase exists in the first stage and which phase in the third stage?📝 Answer : In a cooling curve of a pure compound, the compound exists as a liquid in the first stage and as a solid in the third stage.🎈 According to Boyle's law, what happens to the volume of a gas if the pressure is halved, while the temperature is held constant?📝 Answer : According to Boyle's law, if the pressure is halved, the volume of the gas will double.📈 Given a heating curve of a pure compound, explain why the slopes of the first and third stages are different.📝 Answer : The slopes are different because they represent different heat capacities of the solid and liquid phases of the substance. The steeper slope in the third stage indicates that more energy is needed to raise the temperature of the liquid compared to the solid.🌡️ What physical property determines the position of the horizontal part in a heating curve of a solid compound?📝 Answer : The position of the horizontal part in a heating curve of a solid compound is determined by the melting point of the solid.🎈 A gas has a volume of 10L at a pressure of 3 atm. If the volume is reduced to 5L, what will be the new pressure, according to Boyle's law?📝 Answer : According to Boyle's law, P1V1 = P2V2. So, the new pressure would be (3 atm * 10L) / 5L = 6 atm.🌡️ How does the size of the solid heated affect the time it takes for the sample to start melting and to melt completely, according to the heating curve?📝 Answer : The larger the amount of solid heated, the longer it takes for the sample to start melting and to melt completely.🎈 According to Boyle's law, what will happen to the volume of a gas if the pressure is doubled, while the temperature is held constant?📝 Answer : According to Boyle's law, if the pressure is doubled, the volume of the gas will be halved.📈 Explain the second stage of a cooling curve of a pure compound.📝 Answer : The second stage of a cooling curve represents the phase transition from liquid to solid (freezing). During this stage, the temperature remains constant as the liquid changes to solid.🌡️ What is the melting point of a substance?📝 Answer : The melting point is the temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid at the same temperature and pressure.🎈 If a gas sample has an initial volume of 2L at a pressure of 1 atm and the pressure is increased to 3 atm, what will be the new volume, according to Boyle's law?📝 Answer : According to Boyle's law, P1V1 = P2V2. So, the new volume would be (1 atm * 2L) / 3 atm = 0.67L.🌡️ In the first and third stages of a heating curve, there is a change in temperature, what does this indicate about the average kinetic energy of the particles?📝 Answer : In the first and third stages of a heating curve, there is a change in temperature, which means the average kinetic energy of the particles is increasing.🎈 Boyle's law states that for a given sample of gas (fixed amount) the volume of the gas varies inversely with the pressure at constant temperature. Express this mathematically.📝 Answer : Mathematically, Boyle's law can be expressed as P1V1 = P2V2, where P1 and V1 are the initial pressure and volume, and P2 and V2 are the final pressure and volume.📈 What does the second stage of the heating curve represent when a pure compound changes from solid to liquid?📝 Answer : The second stage of the heating curve represents the phase transition from solid to liquid, often called melting or fusion.🌡️ Explain the significance of the horizontal part of a cooling curve.📝 Answer : The horizontal part of a cooling curve represents the phase transition from liquid to solid (freezing). The temperature remains constant during this phase transition because the heat removed is used to change the phase, not to lower the temperature.🎈 Given a sample of gas with an initial volume of 1L at a pressure of 2 atm, if the volume is reduced to 0.5L, what will be the new pressure according to Boyle's law?📝 Answer : According to Boyle's law, P1V1 = P2V2. So, the new pressure would be (2 atm * 1L) / 0.5L = 4 atm.🌡️ How does the second stage of a heating curve, the plateau, reflect on the average kinetic energy and potential energy of the particles?📝 Answer : In the second stage, the plateau, the average kinetic energy of the particles is constant (hence, the temperature is constant), while the potential energy increases as the heat is used to break intermolecular bonds and change the phase from solid to liquid.🎈 If a gas sample with a volume of 300 mL at a pressure of 5 atm is allowed to expand to a volume of 600 mL, what would be the new pressure according to Boyle's law?📝 Answer : According to Boyle's law, P1V1 = P2V2. So, the new pressure would be (5 atm * 300 mL) / 600 mL = 2.5 atm.📈 Explain how the amount of solid heated affects the time it takes for the sample to start melting and to melt completely based on a heating curve.📝 Answer : The larger the amount of solid heated, the longer it takes for the sample to start melting and to melt completely, because more heat is needed to overcome the intermolecular forces in a larger amount of substance.🌡️ Explain what happens during the first and third stages of a cooling curve.📝 Answer : In the first stage of a cooling curve, the liquid is cooling and the temperature decreases until it reaches the freezing point. In the third stage, the liquid has completely turned into a solid and continues to cool down, with the temperature continuing to decrease.🎈 If a sample of gas has an initial volume of 400 mL at a pressure of 2 atm and the pressure is increased to 4 atm, what would be the new volume according to Boyle's law?📝 Answer : According to Boyle's law, P1V1 = P2V2. So, the new volume would be (2 atm * 400 mL) / 4 atm = 200 mL.

Learn about the study of chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons and their applications in various fields. < Back Chapter 4: Electrochemistry Learn about the study of chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons and their applications in various fields. Chapter 4: Electrochemistry - This chapter explores the relationship between electricity and chemical reactions. Students will learn about oxidation-reduction reactions, electrochemical cells, and the Nernst equation. The chapter also covers the applications of electrochemistry, including batteries and electrolysis. Previous Next

⚛️ Lesson 4 ⚛️ < Back Atomic Structure Lesson 4 ⚛️ Lesson 4 ⚛️ Explore the world of atomic and ionic radii in this visually enhanced quiz. Discover the patterns of atomic size across the Periodic Table and the changes in ionic radius when atoms gain or lose electrons. Unveil the secrets of the microcosm, one atom at a time! Previous Next ⚛️ 1.1.4 Atomic & Ionic Radius ⚛️ 💥🔬 Navigating the Universe of Atoms: Atomic & Ionic Radii 🔬💥 🌌 Measuring Atomic Size: Atomic Radius 🌌 When we think of the atomic radius, we're actually measuring the size of an atom. 📏 But how? Imagine taking two atoms of the same type, say two hydrogen atoms, bonding them together, and then measuring the distance between their nuclei. 📍📍 The atomic radius is half of this distance. 🧪 But atoms are not all the same size! Just like cities across a country, they show trends across the Periodic Table. 🗺️💡 📉 As you travel across each Period (left to right), atomic radii generally decrease. Why? Well, as you move across, the atomic number increases—meaning more protons. More protons = stronger pull on electrons = smaller atoms. 🔄 📈 On the other hand, as you journey down each Group (top to bottom), atomic radii generally increase. Here, we have more electron shells, which "shield" outermost electrons from the pull of the nucleus—leading to bigger atoms! 🔄 And what about that big jump in size between a noble gas at the end of a period and the alkali metal at the beginning of the next? It's all about the extra shell! More shells = more shielding = larger atomic radius! 💥 🌠 Examining Ion Sizes: Ionic Radius 🌠 The ionic radius, on the other hand, measures the size of an ion—a charged atom. Just like atomic radius, ionic radius also follows certain patterns! 🧩🔍 🔽 If an atom gains extra electrons to become a negatively charged ion (anion), its ionic radius increases. Why? The extra electrons are further from the nucleus and are loosely held, which increases the size. 🔄 🔼 If an atom loses electrons to become a positively charged ion (cation), its ionic radius decreases. Here, the remaining electrons are pulled in tighter by the nucleus, resulting in a smaller ion. 🔄 So, atomic and ionic radii offer a sort of "map" to the universe of atoms and ions. By understanding these trends, you're not just studying chemistry—you're discovering the unseen landscape of the microcosm, one atom (or ion) at a time! 💥🌌

< Back Chapter 12 prerequisite Previous Next 🎆🌟📘 Prerequisites for Chapter 12: Group 17 of the Periodic Table 📘🌟🎆Before diving into 🚀 Chapter 12 , which deals with Group 17 of the Periodic Table , students must have a solid understanding of the following concepts:🔬 1. Basic Atomic Structure 🧪Understand protons, neutrons, and electrons.🔬 2. The Periodic Table 📊Be familiar with the layout of the periodic table and the properties of elements based on their position.🔬 3. Electron Configuration 🌀Understand how electrons are arranged in atoms.🔬 4. Reactivity of Halogens ⚗️Understand the reactivity trends of halogens with metals and nonmetals.🌈🌟 20 Multiple Choice Questions for Chapter 12: Group 17 of the Periodic Table 🌟🌈🤔 Which of the following elements is NOT a member of Group 17? a) Chlorine b) Fluorine c) Bromine d) Argon🧐 As you move down Group 17, what happens to the atomic radius? a) Increases b) Decreases c) Remains the same d) Increases then decreases😯 What is the general trend in reactivity with metals as you move down Group 17? a) Increases b) Decreases c) Remains the same d) Increases then decreases🤓 How many electrons do Group 17 elements have in their outermost energy level? a) 7 b) 2 c) 5 d) 6😲 Which Group 17 element is a yellow gas at room temperature? a) Chlorine b) Fluorine c) Bromine d) Iodine🧪 What is the product when a Group 17 element reacts with sodium? a) Sodium halide b) Sodium hydroxide c) Sodium carbonate d) Sodium sulfate🎈 Which Group 17 element is the most reactive? a) Chlorine b) Fluorine c) Bromine d) Iodine🌡️ What happens to the melting points of Group 17 elements as you move down the group? a) Increases b) Decreases c) Remains the same d) Increases then decreases💧 What is the general trend in electronegativity as you move down Group 17? a) Increases b) Decreases c) Remains the same d) Increases then decreases🌟 Which Group 17 element is used as a disinfectant in drinking water? a) Chlorine b) Fluorine c) Bromine d) Iodine🍶 What is the general trend in ionization energy as you move down Group 17? a) Increases b) Decreases c) Remains the same d) Increases then decreases🧲 Which Group 17 element is used in photographic film? a) Chlorine b) Silver c) Bromine d) Iodine🎇 Whatis the general trend in reactivity with nonmetals as you move down Group 17? a) Increases b) Decreases c) Remains the same d) Increases then decreases🌊 What is the product when a Group 17 element reacts with hydrogen? a) Hydrogen halide b) Hydrogen hydroxide c) Hydrogen carbonate d) Hydrogen sulfate🌱 Which Group 17 element is essential for the production of thyroid hormones? a) Chlorine b) Fluorine c) Bromine d) Iodine🌡️ What happens to the boiling points of Group 17 elements as you move down the group? a) Increases b) Decreases c) Remains the same d) Increases then decreases🎨 Which Group 17 element is used to strengthen tooth enamel? a) Chlorine b) Fluorine c) Bromine d) Iodine🧊 What is the general trend in atomic size as you move down Group 17? a) Increases b) Decreases c) Remains the same d) Increases then decreases🚀 Which Group 17 element is a red-brown liquid at room temperature? a) Chlorine b) Fluorine c) Bromine d) Iodine🧨 What is the general trend in electron affinity as you move down Group 17? a) Increases b) Decreases c) Remains the same d) Increases then decreases🌈🌟 Answers 🌟🌈d) Argona) Increasesb) Decreasesa) 7b) Fluorinea) Sodium halideb) Fluorinea) Increasesb) Decreasesa) Chlorineb) Decreasesc) Bromineb) Decreasesa) Hydrogen halided) Iodinea) Increasesb) Fluorinea) Increasesc) Bromineb) Decreases

Lesson 48 Previous All Content Next Chapter 8 SABIS Grade 10 Part 4 Lesson 48 Lesson 4: 🔥 The Energy Stored in a NucleusPart 1: 🔬 Useful InformationSample Question 22 🧲 Discovering the Positron What is a positron?a) It is a particle that forms a neutral atom with one β particle.b) It is as massive as an electron but with a positive charge.c) It is the nucleus of a hydrogen atom.d) It is the nucleus of a helium atom.e) It has a mass of 2 and a charge of 4+. Sample Question 23 🔍 Understanding α Particles What is an α particle?a) It is a particle that forms a neutral atom with one β particle.b) It is an electron with a positive charge.c) It is the nucleus of a hydrogen atom.d) It is the nucleus of a helium atom.e) It has a mass of 2 and a charge of 4+. Part 2: 🌌 Energy Changes in Nuclear ReactionsSample Question 24 🔥 Comparing Heat in Chemical and Nuclear Changes Which of the following is correct about the relative magnitude of the heat involved in nuclear and chemical changes?a) Nuclear changes usually involve energies of tens of kilojoules per mole.b) Chemical reactions usually involve energies of tens of kilojoules per mole.c) Chemical reactions usually involve energies of about a thousand kilojoules per mole.d) Chemical reactions usually involve energies of several million kilojoules per mole.e) Nuclear reactions usually involve energies of tens of millions of kilojoules per mole. Sample Question 25 🧩 Balancing Nuclear Reactions To complete the following equation so it becomes balanced:92𝑈 235 + 0𝑛 1 ➔ 56𝐵𝑎 141 + 36𝐾𝑟 92energya) Three neutrons should be added to the left hand side.b) Three protons should be added to the right hand side.c) Three protons should be added to the left hand side.d) Four hydrogen atoms should be added to the right hand side.e) Three neutrons should be added to the right hand side. Sample Question 26 🔬 Recognizing Nuclear Fission Reactions Which of the following is a nuclear fission reaction?a) 𝐻 + 1𝐻 3 1 2 ➔ 𝐻𝑒 + 0𝑛 1 2 4b) 𝟏𝒆 𝟎 + 𝟗𝟒𝑷𝒖 𝟐𝟑𝟗 ➔ 𝒀 + 𝑪𝒔 + 𝟏𝑯 𝟐 𝟓𝟓 𝟏𝟒𝟔 𝟑𝟗 𝟗𝟏c) UF6(l) ➔ UF6(g).d) C(s) + O2(g) ➔ CO2(g).e) U(s) + 3F2(g) ➔ UF6(g). Sample Question 27 🔒 Conservation in Nuclear Reactions Which of the following is conserved in nuclear reactions?a) Charge.b) Number of nucleons.c) Atoms.d) Kinetic energy of molecules.e) Neutrons. Part 3: 🌐 Mass, a Form of EnergySample Question 28 🧠 Mass of a Nucleus The mass of a nucleus:a) Is determined by adding the masses of the nucleons it contains.b) Is determined by adding the masses of the nucleons it contains and the electrons around it.c) Is determined by subtracting the charge from the mass number.d) Is determined by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number.e) Could be different from the sum of the masses of its nucleons. Sample Question 29 🚀 Mass Lost in Nuclear Reactions In nuclear reactions where mass is lost:a) The equation needs to be balanced properly.b) Charge is also lost.c) The mass will be gained by another reaction.d) The mass reappears as other particles (mass can never be lost or destroyed).e) It changes to energy according to E = mc2. Sample Question 30 🔥 Understanding Nuclear Fusion Reactions In nuclear fusion reactions:a) A large nucleus splits into smaller nuclei.b) Two nuclei come together to form a larger nucleus.c) Is exemplified by 𝑯 + 𝟏𝑯 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 ➔ 𝟐𝑯𝒆 𝟒 + 𝟎𝒏 𝟏energyd) Is exemplified by 𝑈 + 0𝑛 1 92 235 ➔ 56𝐵𝑎 414 + 𝐾𝑟 + 30𝑛 1 36 92energye) The mass is released as energy.Congratulations! 🎉 You've completed Lesson 4 and delved into the intriguing realm of nuclear energy and reactions. You've explored positrons, α particles, nuclear fission, and fusion. Keep up the amazing work as you venture further into the captivating world of nuclear chemistry! 🌌🚀

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Lesson 37 Structure of the atom and the periodic table Previous All Content Next Chapter 7 SABIS Grade 10 Part 1 Lesson 37 Structure of the atom and the periodic table Chapter 7 Structure of the atom and the periodic table Lesson 1 Content 7.1 Structure of the Atom 7.1.1 The nuclear atom 7.1.2 What the nucleus contains 7.1.3 Nuclei of atoms of the same element 7.1.4 Neutral atoms and the formation of ions 7.1.5 Mass of subatomic particles 7.1.6 The nuclear model 7.1.7 The sizes of atoms 7.1.8 Atomic number 7.1.9 Mass number Symbols to refer to elements in chemical reactions Symbols to refer to atomic nuclei 7.1.10 Isotopes Pre-Requisite Questions: What are the three main particles that make up an atom? 🧐 Can you recall what an ion is? 💡 What is the significance of the atomic number of an element? 🤔 What do you understand by the term 'isotopes'? 🤨 What's the main difference between a cation and an anion? 🙄 (Answers: 1. Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons. 2. An ion is an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons. 3. The atomic number of an element represents the number of protons in its nucleus. 4. Isotopes are variants of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. 5. Cations are positively charged ions, and anions are negatively charged ions.) 🎯Lesson Begins 📍What's Inside the Atom? Atoms are like the invisible LEGO blocks that make up everything we see and touch. An atom consists of subatomic particles—protons, neutrons, and electrons. 😲 Imagine an atom as a tiny solar system, with a nucleus at the center like the sun and electrons whizzing around like planets. 🌞🪐 🏟️Nuclear Atom The center, or nucleus, of the atom is where we find the protons and neutrons. Protons carry a positive charge (like the positive vibe in a party 🥳), and neutrons have no charge—they're the cool, neutral folks at the party. ⚖️ 📏Size of an Atom Atoms are incredibly tiny. The diameter of an atom—the distance between two adjacent nuclei—is in the order of 10^-10 meters. 📏That's about a hundred million times smaller than an apple seed! 🍎 The diameter of the nucleus is even tinier, at about 10^-14 meters. Picture a pea in the middle of a football stadium—that's how empty an atom is! 🏈🏟️ ⚖️Mass of an Atom The protons and neutrons together are known as nucleons. They're the heavyweight champs of the atom, with most of the mass concentrated in the nucleus. 🏋️♂️ On the other hand, electrons are featherweights, weighing about 1/1840 the mass of a proton. 🔋Charge of an Atom An atom, like your favorite superhero, is electrically neutral—meaning it has an equal number of positive protons and negative electrons, balancing each other out. 💪 🔄Formation of Ions Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons. Losing an electron forms a cation (a positively charged ion), kind of like losing weight and becoming positively happier! 🤸♂️🎈 Conversely, gaining an electron forms an anion (a negatively charged ion), like gaining responsibilities and getting negatively stressed! 😓📚 🔢Atomic Number and Mass Number Think of the atomic number (Z) as the ID card of an element—it tells us the number of protons in an atom. In a neutral atom, it also equals the number of electrons. The mass number (A), on the other hand, is like the total weight of an atom—it adds up the number of protons (P) and neutrons (N) in an atom. Simple math, right? 1️⃣2️⃣3️⃣ 🎭Isotopes Isotopes are like the twins of an element. They have the same atomic number, but a different mass number. For example, hydrogen (1H), deuterium (2H), and tritium (3H) are all isotopes of hydrogen—they all have 1 proton, but a different number of neutrons (0, 1, and 2 respectively). It's like different flavors of your favorite ice cream—different tastes, but still ice cream! 🍨 Review Questions: What is the order of the diameter of an atom? a. 10^-10 m b. 10^-14 m c. 10^10 m d. 10^14 m What do we call an atom that has gained or lost electrons? a. Isotope b. Ion c. Cation d. Neutron Which particle is found inside the nucleus of an atom? a. Protons b. Neutrons c. Electrons d. Both a and b Which of these is the best definition of isotopes? a. Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. b. Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of electrons. c. Atoms with the same number of neutrons but different number of protons. d. None of the above An atom that has more protons than electrons is called? a. A cation b. An anion c. A neutron d. An electron (Answers: 1. a, 2. b, 3. d, 4. a, 5. a) Quiz Click on the below and join the quiz if for any reason you can not join the quiz download as pdf and submit after answering and scanning https://quizizz.com/join?gc=72015277 if for any reason you can not join the quiz download here as pdf and submit after answering and scanning K-Chemistry com Chapter 7 Grade 10 SABIS Quiz 20 .pdf Download PDF • 101KB

AMS and Periodic 1 Term 2 Revision Previous All Content Next Term 2 Week 5 AMS and Periodic 1 Term 2 Revision Welcome To Lesson Summary , this lesson included Revision on week 4 and 5 Term 2 plus revision on chapter 5 Course revision questions for periodic 1 term 2 Grade 9 SABIS