🎯 Solubility of Ionic Compounds 🎯
The solubility of ionic compounds can be predicted with some general rules, which you already listed. These rules are not absolute, but they offer a good starting point for understanding solubility. You'll be able to predict whether certain compounds will dissolve in water and under what conditions.
🌊💡🔋 Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions 🔋💡🌊
An aqueous solution contains dissolved ions and also ions from the water itself. When it comes to electrolysis:
👉 At the cathode: The less reactive cation (positive ion) will be discharged. In general, this is often a metal ion or a hydrogen ion (H+).
👉 At the anode: The less reactive anion (negative ion) will be discharged. Usually, this is the hydroxide ion (OH-) or a halide ion if the solution is concentrated.
🎨🌈 pH Scale and Indicators 🌈🎨
The pH scale ranges from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly basic). A pH of 7 is neutral. Indicators are chemicals that change color based on the pH of the solution. Common indicators include:
Litmus: Red in acid, blue in base.
Methyl orange: Red in acid, yellow in base.
Thymolphthalein: Colourless in acid, blue in base.
Universal indicator: Displays a range of colors across the pH scale.
💡⚡ Electrolysis Examples ⚡💡
You've provided multiple examples for the electrolysis of different substances, including:
Copper sulfate (CuSO4): Copper is deposited at the cathode, and oxygen is released at the anode.
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4): Hydrogen is released at the cathode, and oxygen at the anode.
Dilute NaCl: Hydrogen is released at the cathode, and oxygen at the anode.
Concentrated HCl: Hydrogen is released at the cathode, and chlorine at the anode.
Concentrated NaCl (brine): Hydrogen is released at the cathode, and chlorine at the anode.
Note that in all these reactions, the less reactive ions are the ones getting discharged at the electrodes.
In each case, the electrolyte concentration changes during the electrolysis process, often getting more concentrated.
🏭🔋 Applications of Electrolysis 🔋🏭
Electrolysis has many important industrial applications, including the production of chlorine, hydrogen, and sodium hydroxide from brine. These products have a wide range of uses, such as in the production of plastics, fuels, soaps, detergents, and more.
And there you have it! A journey through the intricate world of solubility, pH, electrolysis, and their applications. Remember, the more you understand these processes, the easier it becomes to understand how the world of chemistry works around us. Keep exploring! 🧪🎆🚀